For teachers: how to write an excellent Teacher Letter of Recommendation

This guide explains how to write an excellent Letter of Recommendation for US universities

Want to see some example teacher letters of recommendation? Check out this guide

What is a teacher recommendation?

Most US universities ask for 1 or 2 teacher letters of recommendation for each student, as well as a counselor letter of recommendation and other standard materials like a school profile, and materials from the student like a personal essay.

When it comes to teacher recommendations, the Common App refers to a ‘Teacher evaluation’, which is made up of a short form, plus a teacher recommendation that can either be typed into a text box, or uploaded as a document.

The Common App form includes these questions:

• Basic info about the recommender, like your job title
• How long have you known the student and in what context?
• Which grade / year groups have you taught the student  in?
• What subjects have you taught them?
• What qualifications have you taught them? (Eg IB, AP, A level, Honors, etc)
• What are the first words that come to your mind to describe the student?

You might be asked to give academic ratings for the student, where you rate the student from ‘Below average’ to ‘One of the top few I’ve encountered in my career' on factors like Intellectual promise, Integrity and Initiative. Recommenders can also add ‘No basis’ for any of the factors. Schools can decide whether their teachers provide these ratings.

One and done

A teacher who is writing a teacher evaluation / recommendation for a student for US college applications should write only one for a student, and the same one should be sent to every application. This is referred to in the industry as ‘one and done’. This means that the recommendation should not be tailored to a particular institution.

Three key things to bear in mind about a teacher recommendation

Here are the three important things to bear in mind when writing a teacher letter of recommendation (in particular if it's being used for a US university application):

1. Classroom
   It should demonstrate the student’s abilities and performance in the classroom.
    
2. Stories
   It’s good to include specific stories from the student’s time in the teacher’s class, because anecdotes provide important colour.
    
3. One-page
   The whole thing should not exceed a page.

Once nice way to imagine it is that you are writing a letter to a teacher who will be taking over from you in teaching the student. What would you want this teacher to know about the student?
 

The Teacher Letter of Recommendation vs the Counselor Letter of Recommendation 

The Counselor Letter of Recommendation is a very important part of a student’s application and is often said to carry more weight than a Teacher Recommendation (check out our article on Counselor Letters of Recommendation here). Here is how they differ: 

• Counselor Recommendation 
  Provides a more general overview of the student within the student’s learning community, including covering extracurricular activities, as well as the student’s character (they might comment on the student’s integrity, honesty, etc.)  
   
• Teacher Recommendation 
  Speaks to the teacher's experience of the student in their classroom, focussing on the student's abilities and performance. 
   

Fit the teacher to the recommendation

Depending on your school’s set-up, you may wish to ask students who they'd like to write their recommendations before speaking with teachers. This can be particularly helpful if teachers are less familiar with writing US-style recommendations and may need additional guidance on tone, style, submission methods, or internal deadlines.

Each student should discuss with their recommenders what aspects of themselves they feel should be emphasised in their LORs. Part of this is about the student thinking through how their own strengths can be best matched to the characteristics the schools to which they are applying look for - and then making sure that you and the other teacher recommenders are clear on this as well. 

If a teacher feels they can’t write a letter that meets a particular student’s needs, the teacher and/or student should talk to the counselor to reach a solution. Sometimes this means finding another recommender. However if a student is applying for a programme that heavily features subject matter particular to a given teacher’s expertise, that teacher really needs to provide a recommendation. 
 

Gathering information for the recommendation

It’s a student’s responsibility to provide their recommenders with the information they need to write the recommendation. 

Having specific examples at hand before starting a letter of recommendation is essential. Ideally, you will have been given the information you need several weeks before the LOR is due. 

Here are some tips for how to manage this:

• Activities, Skills, and CV tools
  Students should use the Activities, Skills and CV tools on Unifrog to: 
  • Record what they've done that they're proud of
  • Identify their strengths
  • Be able to provide recommendation writers with specific anecdotes to emphasise or recall in each LOR.
     
• Notes for Reference and Recommendation writers tool
  A student can detail what they want each recommendation writer to cover using Unifrog's ‘Notes for Reference and Recommendation writers’ tool (this tool is expressly designed for this!)
  
  You can deliver the lesson 'Adding notes for your reference and recommendation writers' quick task to help them get started.

Key things to include in a recommendation

Provide context

Describe the student compared to the rest of their learning community. 

Here are some examples of providing context: 

It is worth noting that, as the only boy in the class, there was fairly stringent opposition to his thoughts at times. He was a very willing contributor to class discussion and brought a wealth of historical knowledge in particular to the table.  

or 

Arriving from an American High school, where literature had been studied broadly and with an emphasis on cultural context, Christian struggled at first with the rigorous demands of the IB course, particularly in providing the detailed commentary required when reading previously unseen works. He had a strong vocabulary and a good level of perception but began as possibly the weakest performing student in the class. By the end of the year he became one of the highest achieving pupils.  

Give concrete examples 

The ‘show don’t tell’ rule applies in Teacher LORs. It’s important to provide anecdotal evidence of a student's interest and engagement in classes.  

Anecdotes don’t have to be epic in scale. A recommendation could discuss how the student dedicated themselves to overcoming the challenges of the course by scheduling appointments with teachers and changing habits in the classroom. If the student approached a task in an individual and innovative manner, this could speak volumes about their character.   

Here is part of reference that offers few examples: 

Valery has worked consistently and demonstrated that he is a talented and committed student who always tries his best. He can work effectively with other students to realize his artistic intentions, and can give and receive feedback. He reflects on his own work and approaches and makes good choices. Valery creates roles that are effective for the audience, and has a flair for performance. Valery can work across a range of styles and eagerly explores unfamiliar approaches, concepts and ideas.   

On the other hand, Teacher LORs with specific examples allow the reader to draw their own conclusions through tangible events. The Admission Officer, who must defend the application during admission committee meetings, will draw on the examples provided in the teacher reference. Here’s an extract from a LOR which offers good, concrete examples: 

Juan has been known to become so involved in philosophical debates (a memorable occasion was a discussion of Marx’s “The Fetishism of Commodities”) that he stayed after class to keep the conversation going. Having witnessed his passionate participation in the Model United Nations in The Hague, it was not surprising to learn that Juan had been selected by Radio One in Belgium to participate in a discussion between international students about the recent American elections. As he spoke, Juan’s grasp of concepts like down-ballot results and populist movements contrasted strongly with the more predictable remarks of his peers. Clearly he had taken the time to understand the election. 

Talk about classroom participation 

Talk about how the student will get involved in learning.

Teaching in US universities tends to be more discussion based than in universities in other countries. Therefore the universities want to know how the student contributes to the classroom environment. In your Teacher LOR you should consider the question: will the student be part of the dialogue of an active learning community? Here's an example:

Whilst this student might be one of the quieter ones in class, I suspect this is because she is often carefully thinking through her responses. One recent example would be in an ethics debate around age limits on social media. For most of the debate, she did not take part verbally, but instead listened with focus. Towards the end, she tentatively raised her hand and mentioned how another student’s point related to a recent news story she’d come across, using this insight to challenge them. This student would benefit from further encouragement to share her views and risk getting things ‘wrong’.

Speak to how the student gets involved in the learning community 

US universities have a stronger eye than most universities in other countries for curating a university community. Therefore, during the admissions process admissions tutors are trying to figure out what kind of person a student will be and how they will contribute to campus life. 

US Universities are accustomed to students who contribute to the school community in a plethora of ways. Here’s an extract from a Teacher LOR: 

I have rarely seen anything like this student’s tenacity during the group 4 project. His aim was to use lemons to drive a remote control car. By the end of the second project day he was still enhancing his set-up and had used a large amount of lemons in series and parallel to obtain the correct electric voltage and current. Many other students would have given up.  

In your Teacher LOR you should consider the questions: will the student be an active member of a learning community? Will the student become a valued roommate, classmate or club member? In saying that, however, it's worth noting that students' contribution to the wider school community will go in the counselor recommendation, not the teacher one. To avoid repeating content across recommendations, teachers should only write about how students contribute if it relates to their own subject.

For teachers: help students to get a better idea of what will be included in their teacher/counselor recommendations with this lesson (make sure that you're logged in to the teacher side of your account).